A-Z

The Essex Decision was a British court ruling that overturned the Polly Decision (1800) and required American merchant ships to comply with the Rule of 1756. The United States responded with the Non-Importation Act of 1806, part of the economic sanctions that helped cause the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.

The European Adventurers are the men and women who inspired, drove, and documented the Age of Exploration. This list included sea captains, conquerors, historians, and mythical figures who inspired them, as well as the monarchs who funded their expeditions.

APUSH Unit 2, Topic 2.2 covers life in the Americas from the founding of Jamestown to the start of the French and Indian War.

APUSH Unit 1, Topic 1.3 covers the European exploration of the regions of North America, Central America, and South America, up to the settlement of Jamestown.

Richard Ewell (1817–1872) was a prominent General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He is most well-known for replacing Stonewall Jackson and his failure to attack Union forces on Cemetery Ridge on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Charles Ewing was a lawyer, Catholic Church representative, and soldier, who served the Union army as a general officer in the Eastern and Western theaters during the American Civil War.

Hugh Boyle Ewing was a lawyer, writer, ambassador, and soldier who served as a general officer in the Union Army during the Civil War. Ewing is most famous for serving as Minister to Holland and for writing several books.

Key facts about Hugh Boyle Ewing, a lawyer, writer, ambassador and soldier, who served the Union army as a general officer in the Eastern and Western theaters during the American Civil War.

Thomas Ewing, Jr. was a prominent lawyer and politician who served as a Union general in the West during the American Civil War. He is most well-known for his role in establishing Kansas as a Free State.

Thomas Ewing Sr. was an influential lawyer and politician who served in the United States Senate and as Secretary of the Treasury. He is best known as the first Secretary of the Interior and the foster father of William Tecumseh Sherman.

The Battle of Ezra Church was fought on July 28, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign. Union forces under General Oliver O. Howard repulsed Confederate forces under General John B. Hood, causing heavy Confederate losses. Although the battle ended in a Union victory, Hood prevented Federal forces from cutting the last railroad into besieged Atlanta.

The Fur Trade Factory System was a program that established a series of Trading Posts on the Western Frontier so Native American Indians could trade furs to the United States Government. The system encouraged Indians to adopt American agriculture and education practices. It was eventually undermined by private businessmen and ended in March 1822.

Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road Battle facts, including dates, location, casualties, leaders, who won, and more interesting facts you might not know.

Fought from October 27 - 28, 1864, during the Petersburg Campaign, the Battle of Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, also known as the Second Battle of Fair Oaks, was the last failed Union attempt to capture Richmond, Virginia in 1864.

The Burning of Falmouth was a British naval attack on the town of Falmouth, Massachusetts — present-day Portland, Maine — that took place on October 18, 1775. The British fleet destroyed a large portion of the town, but was unable to end Patriot resistance in the area.

The Federalist Papers are a collection of 85 essays advocating for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, authored by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.

Federalist No. 1 was written by Alexander Hamilton and published on October 27, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius. The purpose was to provide a General Introduction to The Federalist, a series of articles arguing for the acceptance of the proposed Constitution, which was to replace the Articles of Confederation.

The Second Federalist Paper was written by John Jay, and discusses concerns with the dangers of foreign force and influence. It was published on October 31, 1787.

Federalist No. 3 was written by John Jay and published on November 3, 1787. It is the second of four articles dealing with protecting Americans against foreign aggression and meddling in national affairs.

The Federalist Party was one of the first political parties in the United States. The party supported a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. The party faded out in the mid-1820s.