Overview
Erasmus Darwin Keyes (1810–1895) was a Massachusetts native and graduate of the United States Military Academy (1832). After graduating, he embarked on a military career that involved service during the Nullification Crisis (1832–1833), forced removal of the Cherokee (Trail of Tears), instruction at the U.S. Military Academy, and conflicts with Native American Indians on the West Coast. During the Civil War, he commanded Union troops during the Peninsula Campaign and Gettysburg Campaign. After resigning from the military in 1864, he became a successful vineyard owner, banker, and gold mining executive in California.
Personal Facts
- Full Name: Erasmus Darwin Keyes
- Born: May 29, 1810, Brimfield, Massachusetts
- Parents: Justus and Betsy (Corey) Keyes
- Education: United States Military Academy (1832)
- Occupation: Military officer, Vineyard owner, Banker, Gold mining executive
- Positions: Brigadier General (USA), Major General (USVA)
- Spouse: Caroline Maria Clarke (1837)
- Died: October 14, 1895, Nice, France
- Buried: West Point Cemetery, West Point, New York
Overview
Early Life and Education
Erasmus Darwin Keyes was born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1810. He was one of three children of Justus Keyes and Betsy Corey. The elder Keyes was a prominent physician who had designs for his son to become a merchant. The son had different aspirations and longed to pursue a military career. After twice failing to obtain an appointment to the United States Military Academy, Keyes wrote to U.S. Secretary of War, James Barbour, pleading his case. Barbour responded favorably, and Keyes received the desired appointment in 1828.
Keyes entered the Academy on July 1, 1828. Cadets with whom he would have come into contact during his four years at West Point included the future commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee, the future commander of the Union Army of the Potomac, George G. Meade, and the future Postmaster General of the U.S. during the Lincoln administration, Montgomery Blair. Keyes proved to be an able student, graduating tenth in his class of forty-five cadets on July 1, 1832.
U.S. Army Officer
Following his graduation, the army brevetted Keyes as a second lieutenant with the 3rd U.S. Artillery and briefly garrisoned him at Fort Monroe, Virginia, for artillery school. They then stationed him at Charleston, South Carolina during the sectional crisis precipitated by that state’s Ordinance of Nullification, passed in 1832. On August 31, 1833, Keyes received a promotion to second lieutenant and an assignment for staff duty as aide-de-camp to General Winfield Scott. When Keyes reported for duty with Scott, it was the beginning of a close professional relationship that lasted nearly twenty years. Keyes served on Scott’s staff from 1837 to 1841. During that period, the army promoted him to first lieutenant on September 16, 1836.
Marriage
On November 8, 1837, Keyes married Caroline Maria Clarke. Their marriage lasted for sixteen years before Maria died on November 26, 1853, one month after giving birth to the last of their five children.
Antebellum Assignments
During Keyes’ tenure with Scott, he took part in the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians in the Southeast to Oklahoma during the winter of 1838-39. Keyes’ initial service with Scott ended on November 30, 1841, when the army promoted him to captain and sent him to Florida.
Keyes spent three years stationed at various posts in the South until officials ordered him to West Point, where he served as an instructor of artillery and cavalry from July 25, 1844, to December 24, 1848.
In 1849, the army sent Keyes to the West Coast, where he served on frontier duty in California until 1854. Keyes spent the next ten years on the coast, alternating between garrison duties in San Francisco and campaigning against American Indians in the Washington Territory. On October 12, 1858, officials promoted Keyes to major with the 1st Artillery.
Union Officer
As sectional tensions intensified, Winfield Scott, who by then had become General-in-Chief of the Army, recalled Keyes to the East Coast to serve as his military secretary. Keyes held that position until shortly after the Civil War erupted. On May 14, 1861, the army promoted Keyes to the rank of colonel with the 11th U.S. Infantry. His first duties included recruiting, organizing, and dispatching New York’s quota of volunteers to the field.
First Battle of Bull Run
In July 1861, the army ordered Keyes to Washington, DC, to assist with preparations for the defense of the nation’s capital. On July 21, 1861, Keyes commanded the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of Brigadier General Irvin McDowell’s Army of Northeastern Virginia at the First Battle of Bull Run. During the battle, Keyes’ brigade saved over two-hundred wagon loads of supplies that otherwise would have fallen into the possession of the enemy. McDowell’s after-action report stated that “Col. Keyes handled his Brigade, completely covering it by every possible accident of the ground, while changing his positions and leading it bravely and skillfully to the attack at the right moment.” On August 20, 1861, the United States War Department issued General Orders, No. 62, promoting Keyes to brigadier general in the volunteer army, effective May 17, 1861.
Army of the Potomac
Following the disaster at Bull Run, President Abraham Lincoln turned to Major General George B. McClellan to reorganize Union forces in the East. On November 9, 1861, McClellan issued Special Orders, No. 136 (Army of the Potomac) appointing Keyes to replace Brigadier General Don Carlos Buell as a divisional commander in the newly created Army of the Potomac. By the spring of 1862, President Lincoln drafted his own reorganization plan for the Army of the Potomac. On March 8, he issued War Order No. 2, merging the army’s divisions into five corps. Lincoln named Major General Irvin McDowell, Brigadier General Edwin V. Sumner, Brigadier General Samuel P. Heintzelman, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, and Keyes to command the five corps. Dutifully, on March 13, 1862, a disgruntled McClellan issued General Orders, No. 101 (Army of the Potomac) confirming the President’s selections.
Peninsula Campaign
During McClellan’s ill-fated Peninsula Campaign in the spring of 1862, Keyes commanded the 4th Corps at several major engagements, including the Siege of Yorktown (April 5-May 4, 1862), the Battle of Seven Pines (aka Battle of Fair Oaks)(May 31-June 1, 1862) the Battle of Savage’s Station (June 29, 1862), and the Battle of Malvern Hill (July 1, 1862). Keyes later received a brevet promotion to brigadier general in the regular army, “for Gallant and Meritorious Conduct in the Battle of Fair Oaks, Va.,” effective May 31, 1862.
After the failed Peninsula Campaign, most of the Army of the Potomac returned to the vicinity of Washington, DC. The War Department left the 4th Corps on the Peninsula as part of Major General John Adams Dix’s Department of Virginia. On August 2, 1862, the War Department issued General Orders, No. 93, promoting Keyes to major general in the volunteer army, effective July 4, 1862. Roughly six weeks later, on September 18, 1863, the War Department issued General Orders, No. 316, changing the effective date of Keyes’ promotion to May 5, 1862, “instead of July 4, 1862 as announced in GO No. 93.”
Remarriage
On November 22, 1862, Keyes married Mrs. Mary Loughborough Bissell, the widow of George W.P. Bissell. It was the second marriage for each spouse. Their union produced five children.
Gettysburg Campaign
During the Gettysburg Campaign (June 3-July 23, 1863), General-in-Chief Henry Halleck authorized Major General Dix to move up the Virginia Peninsula and to demonstrate against Richmond. Halleck intended Dix’s offensive to discourage General Robert E. Lee from sending Rebel troops near the Confederate capital to reinforce the Army of Northern Virginia in Pennsylvania.
As events unfolded, Dix may have had a real opportunity to capture Richmond. The roughly 19,000 troops at his disposal far outnumbered the Rebel troops available near the Confederate capital. Despite being hampered by poor weather and transportation snafus, Dix moved within twenty miles of Richmond in July.
As Dix planned his main assault, he ordered Keyes to attack Bottoms Bridge as a diversion. Keyes advanced more slowly than expected and then did not take the bridge despite enjoying a numerical advantage over its defenders. After failing to advance for several days, Dix ordered Keyes to withdraw. During the process, the Richmond garrison added insult to injury by hitting Keyes’ rearguard as it retreated.
If Dix had any real ambitions to threaten Richmond, he believed that Keyes’ ineffectiveness had cost him the opportunity. As a result, Dix asked his superiors to remove Keyes from his command. Keyes requested an official investigation into Dix’s accusations, but officials never responded. On August 1, 1863, the War Department issued General Orders, No. 262, discontinuing the 4th Corps and leaving Keyes without a command.
Resignation
For the next ten months, Keyes performed various administrative duties, including a stint on the Board for Retiring Disabled Officers. When it became clear that he would not receive another field command, Keyes resigned from the military on May 6, 1864.
Post-War Life
Following his resignation, Keyes returned to California, taking up residence in San Francisco. He spent the rest of his life there, becoming a prominent vineyard owner, banker, and gold mining executive.
Death
Keyes died at age eighty-five, in Nice, France, on October 14, 1895, while vacationing with his wife. His remains were returned to the United States and buried at West Point Cemetery.
Accomplishments and Milestones
- 1810, May 29 — Erasmus D. Keyes was born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, to Justus and Betsy (Corey) Keyes.
- 1832, July 1 — Keyes graduated 10th in his class from the United States Military Academy and was brevetted as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery.
- 1833, August 31 — He was promoted to second lieutenant and served as Aid-de-Camp to General Winfield Scott.
- 1836, September 16 — Keyes earned a promotion to first lieutenant.
- 1837, November 8 — He married Caroline Maria Clarke, with whom he had five children before her death in 1853.
- 1838–1839 — Keyes participated in the Trail of Tears, aiding the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians.
- 1841, November 30 — Keyes was promoted to captain and served in Florida.
- 1844–1848 — He served as an instructor of artillery and cavalry at the U.S. Military Academy.
- 1849–1858 — Keyes performed frontier duty in California and campaigned against American Indians in Washington Territory.
- 1858, October 12 — He was promoted to major in the 1st Artillery.
- 1858–1861 — Keyes worked as military secretary to General-in-Chief Winfield Scott.
- 1861, May 14 — Keyes became colonel of the 11th U.S. Infantry.
- 1861, July 21 — Keyes commanded the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division during the First Battle of Bull Run, safeguarding vital Union supplies.
- 1861, August 20 — He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers, effective May 17, 1861.
- 1861, November 9 — Keyes was appointed a divisional commander in the Army of the Potomac.
- 1862, March 8 — President Lincoln named him commander of the 4th Corps.
- 1862, Spring-Summer — He led the 4th Corps in the Peninsula Campaign, including the Siege of Yorktown, the Battle of Fair Oaks, Savage’s Station, and Malvern Hill.
- 1862, May 31 — Keyes was brevetted brigadier general in the regular army for his valor at the Battle of Fair Oaks.
- 1862, August 2 — He was promoted to major general of volunteers, effective July 4, 1862.
- 1863, June–July — Keyes’s actions during the Gettysburg Campaign were criticized, and Major General Dix recommended his removal.
- 1863, August 1 — The 4th Corps was discontinued, leaving Keyes without a command.
- 1864, May 6 — Keyes resigned from the military.
- 1864–1895 — He settled in California, excelling as a vineyard owner, banker, and gold mining executive.
- 1895, October 14 — Keyes died at age 85 in Nice, France.
