Early Life
Erastus Bernard Tyler was born in West Bloomfield, New York on April 24, 1822. He was the son of Asahel Tyler and Maria Bernard Tyler. In 1830, Tyler’s family moved to Ravenna, Ohio. Tyler attended local schools before graduating from Granville College (now Denison University). As a young man, Tyler worked as a hatmaker in Ravenna and as a fur trader in western Virginia.
Civil War Union Officer
While living in Ravenna, Tyler was a member of the local militia, rising to the rank of brigadier general. When the American Civil War began, he helped to recruit the 7th Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which included a company known as Tyler’s Raiders. The unit’s officers held Tyler in such high esteem that they elected him as the regiment’s first colonel.
Battle of Kessler’s Cross Lanes
The army sent the 7th OVI to western Virginia in August 1861, where Tyler and his men suffered an unfortunate introduction to combat. On August 26, Confederate Brigadier General John B. Floyd launched a surprise attack against Tyler’s encampment and inflicted a sound defeat upon the Yankees at the Battle of Kessler’s Cross Lanes.
Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862
On May 14, 1862, Tyler became a brigadier general and assumed command of the 3rd Brigade of Major General James Shields’ 1st Division of the 5th Corps of the Army of the Potomac. In that capacity, Tyler saw action throughout most of the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, including the First Battle of Kernstown and the First Battle of Winchester. He was the principal Union field commander during the Federal loss at the Battle of Port Republic, the last engagement of the campaign.
Maryland Campaign
In September 1862, Tyler was present at the Battle of Antietam, but his brigade remained in reserve.
Wounded at Fredericksburg
In December, Tyler led his brigade in a series of unsuccessful assaults against Marye’s Heights during the Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg. During the battle, Tyler received wounds to his head and torso by shrapnel from an exploding shell. After recuperating, Tyler ended the campaign season by taking part in Major General Ambrose Burnside‘s infamous Mud March in January 1863.
Chancellorsville Campaign
When campaigning resumed in 1863, Tyler’s brigade helped to stabilize the right flank of the Union line at the Battle of Chancellorsville until the Rebels prevailed. Soon after the battle, three of Tyler’s four regiments mustered out of the service because their enlistments had expired.
8th Army Corps Commander
Left without a command, Tyler traveled to Washington DC. to await the assignment. In June, officials placed him in command of the defenses of Baltimore, Maryland. While there, he briefly succeeded Robert C. Schenck as commander of the 8th Corps from September 28, 1863 to October 10, 1863.
Battle of Monocacy
In July 1864, Tyler successfully defended the Jug Bridge on the Baltimore Pike with two regiments of inexperienced recruits during the Battle of Monocacy. President Abraham Lincoln later reportedly remarked that the Union was “more indebted to General Tyler than any other man for the salvation of Washington,” crediting the general for preventing Confederate General Jubal Early from entering the nation’s capital.
Post-war Life
When the war ended, officials brevetted Tyler to the rank of major general dating from March 1865. He mustered out of the service on August 24 of that year and took up residence in Baltimore, Maryland, where he served as the postmaster in 1877.
Death
On January 9, 1891, Tyler died in Baltimore of intestinal complications from the wounds he received at Fredericksburg. He was buried at Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore. After Tyler’s death, Congress awarded his wife, Emily M. Tyler (who Tyler had met and married in Baltimore following the war), a pension for the general’s service.