James A. Garfield Biography
James Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March to September 1881. He was assassinated just six months into his presidency and is the second-shortest-serving president in American history. Garfield was a Republican and a former Union general during the Civil War. As president, he sought to promote civil service reform and to improve the efficiency of the federal government. He was also committed to maintaining a high level of economic growth and promoting American commerce. Despite his short time in office, Garfield’s presidency was marked by significant events, including the appointment of the first African American to a high-level government position, the enactment of important legislation to regulate railroads, and the start of a major economic recession.
Quick Facts About Franklin Pierce
Early Life
Family
James Abram Garfield was born on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, Ohio, near Cleveland. He was the youngest of five children of Abram and Eliza (Ballou) Garfield. Garfield’s father died at age thirty-three when Garfield was just seventeen months old. After his father’s death, Garfield’s mother raised the family by operating the family farm.
Education
Garfield attended local schools, and as a teenager, he briefly worked as a helmsman on the Ohio and Erie Canal. Garfield attended the Geauga Academy in Chester, Ohio in 1849. From 1851 through 1854, he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio. Garfield completed his formal education at Williams College in Massachusetts from 1854 to 1856, where he graduated with honors.
Educator
After graduating from Williams, Garfield returned to Ohio, where he worked as a professor of ancient languages at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute from 1856 to 1857. He then served as the principal of the school from 1857 to 1860.
Marriage
During Garfield’s tenure as principal, he married Lucretia Rudolph on November 11, 1858. The couple had met when they each attended the Geauga Academy nine years earlier. One year prior to his marriage, Garfield began studying law, and in 1860, he joined the Ohio bar. Garfield began his political career in 1859 when voters elected him as a Republican to the Ohio Senate, where he served until 1861.
Civil War Officer
When the American Civil War began Garfield lobbied Ohio Governor William Dennison for a commission in the Union volunteer army. In the summer of 1861, he entered the military with the rank of colonel in command of the 42nd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In the autumn of 1861, Major General Don Carlos Buell placed Garfield in charge of the 18th Brigade of the Army of the Ohio and ordered him to clear Confederate forces from eastern Kentucky.
Battle of Middle Creek
In December, Garfield’s brigade departed from Catlettsburg, Kentucky. On January 10, 1862, they defeated the Rebels at the Battle of Middle Creek. Garfield’s victory helped cement the Union’s hold on eastern Kentucky and enabled the Federals to carry the war into eastern Tennessee. For his efforts, Garfield earned a promotion to brigadier general, effective January 11, 1862.
Shiloh and Corinth
After the victory at Middle Creek, army officials ordered Garfield west, where he commanded the 20th Brigade of the Army of the Ohio at the Battle of Shiloh (April 6 and 7, 1862) in Tennessee. Immediately after that battle, Garfield served under Major General Thomas Wood during the Siege of Corinth, Mississippi (April 29 to May 30, 1862).
Illness and Recuperation
During the summer of 1862, Garfield became ill and returned home on leave to recuperate. He returned to active duty in the fall, and traveled to Washington to await orders.
Congressman Garfield
In November, although he did not actively seek office, voters in Ohio’s 19th Congressional District elected Garfield to the United States House of Representatives.
Return to Combat – Gallantry at Chickamauga
In the spring of 1863, Garfield returned to combat duty as Major General William S. Rosecrans‘ chief-of-staff. While with Rosecrans, Garfield served with distinction and he received a promotion to major general for his gallantry at the Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia (September 19 and 20, 1863). When Major General Ulysses S. Grant relieved Rosecrans of his command after the defeat at Chickamauga, he chose George Thomas instead of Garfield to command the Army of the Cumberland. Perhaps feeling slighted, Garfield resigned his commission and assumed his seat in Congress in December 1863.
Radical Republican
Upon joining the United States House of Representatives in 1863, Garfield became aligned with Radical Republicans who promoted harsh terms for the South when the war ended. In 1864, Garfield voted in favor of the Wade-Davis Bill, which President Abraham Lincoln pocket-vetoed. Because of Lincoln’s lenient Reconstruction policy, Garfield did not actively support the president’s reelection in 1864.
U.S. Senator
Garfield served in the House of Representatives for nine terms from December 1863 until March 3, 1881. On January 13, 1880, the Ohio Senate elected Garfield to the United States Senate, but he never served because voters elected him to the U.S. presidency later that same year.
Dark-horse Presidential Candidate
When the Republican National Convention met in Chicago in June 1880, the delegates divided their support for a presidential candidate between three men: Maine Senator James G. Blaine, Ohio Senator John Sherman, and former President Ulysses S. Grant. When none of the candidates could garner enough votes to secure the nomination, Garfield emerged as a compromise candidate. On June 8, 1880, after thirty-six ballots, the delegates selected Garfield as their nominee for the 1880 presidential election. Throughout the summer and fall, Garfield conducted the first “front porch campaign” from his home in Mentor, Ohio. On November 2, he won a close contest against fellow Union Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock.
President Garfield and Assassination
U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite inaugurated James Garfield as President of the United States on March 4, 1881, but he served only six months. At 9:30 a.m., on July 2, 1881, Charles Guiteau, a deranged office-seeker, shot the president at the Sixth Street Station of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad in Washington, DC. Garfield survived the shooting and lingered in poor health for ten weeks before dying from complications on September 19, in the Elberon section of Long Branch, New Jersey. Garfield’s body lay in state in Elberon and Washington before being returned to Cleveland, Ohio for his funeral on September 27. He was buried in Lake View Cemetery. In 1890, President Garfield’s remains were moved to the newly erected Garfield Memorial in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.
Significance of James A. Garfield
James A. Garfield was an important historical figure because he served as the 20th President of the United States (1881). He was the first president to be assassinated while in office. Garfield was a former Union general and a Republican who campaigned on a platform of civil service reform, and his presidency was marked by efforts to modernize the government and reduce the influence of political bosses. Despite his brief presidency, Garfield made significant contributions to American politics and history, including his support for African American rights, his efforts to improve education and promote economic growth, and his advocacy for civil service reform.